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==Breeders==
Floriculture field பற்றி குட்டி குட்டியாய் group-ல் ஏதாவது அவ்வப்போது
எழுதினால் என்ன என்று முன்பிருந்தே யோசனையாய் இருந்தது; தொடர்ந்த தயக்கமும்
இருந்தது; போரடிக்குமோ என்று!

ஜெயமோகனையே (!?) சகித்துக் கொண்டாயிற்று; இது எம்மாத்திரம்!!!
அதோடு, கொஞ்சமாக just information-ஆகவாவது யாருக்காவது உபயோகமாகாதா என்ன?...

Floriculture எனும் சமுத்திரத்தின் கரையில் நின்று கால் நனைத்துக்
கொண்டு, உள்ளங்கையில் நீரை அள்ளிப்பார்க்கிறேன் - ஆவலோடு, ஆச்சர்யத்தோடு,
வியப்போடு, காதலோடு!

1. Flower Breeders

In Rose Cut Flower Industry, 99% of the varieties grown internationally are
patented to breeders; there are around/more than 40 to 50 breeders in Roses
itself; Growers have to pay Royalty to the breeders if they want to grow
particular breeder's variety.

Royalty amount is based on per ha basis or plant count basis (Approx.
Royalty amount will be around 40000 to 45000 Euros/ha; it depends on
breeder and popularity of the variety.

Breeders spent lot of money on developing new varieties; Royalty is
the only income source for them. Most of the Indian Growers do not pay
Royalty!.

Some Flower Importing Countries insist on Royalty Certificate (which
is issued by the breeder to grower after the payment); without RC we
can't export to all the countries.

Life of a variety in Market is fluctuate; good variety remains 6 to 7
years; some varieties disappears from market within 1 or 2 years. So
Breeders always active and releases 10 to 15 new varieties every year.
New varieties to be tested in three different altitudes (because
colour, bud size and length of the stem differs with growing
altitude).

High Altitude - 2300 mtrs and above
Medium Altitude - 1800 mtrs
Lower Altitude - 1200 to 1500 mtrs

There are three kinds of Cut Flower Roses basically.

1. Hybrid Teas - big bud size suitable for high and medium altitudes
2. Intermediates - medium budsize suitable for all altitudes
3. Sweet hearts - small budsize suitable for lower altitudes

At present in our farm, we are growing 115 varieties commercially in
70 ha. Also we have a 0.5 ha of trial house where we are growing 400
trial varieties of 12 different breeders.

==Gerbera==
[[File:DSC02596-1.JPG|400px|right]]
As a production man, Gerbera is one of my favorite flower crops to
grow; grown Gerbera commercially for 16 years from 1995 to 2011. Last
three years (after coming to Kenya), I am out of touch with the crop.

The Gerbera production field looks more beautiful with various
colours; Rose commercial Greenhouses/fields look only with buds since
Roses will be harvested at cut stage 1 to 1.5 (Roses will be harvested
depends on cut stage; cut stage will be decided based on market and
destination); we can't see open flowers of Roses in commercial
Greenhouses.

But Gerberas will be harvested fully open flowers; fields look
awesome; some about Gerbera growing....

1. Plants mostly produced/multiplied by Tissue Culture.

2. Lot of breeders are there in Gerbera; Florist, Terra Nigra,
Schreurs, Preesman, Albani...

3. Beds are made in width of 60 to 65 cm; height 1.5 to 2 feet; 2 row
planting; plant spacing 30 cm.

4. We can get production around 200 to 260 flowers/sqm/year.

5. Like Carnation, Gerbera also susceptible to soil borne fungus types
like Pythium, Phytopthora, Verticillium and Rhisoctonia. Immediately
after planting, a systemic fungicide drenching is necessary on
planting day. After a week we can repeat the same; afterwards once in
a month fungicide drenching should be compulsory on beds. Also a top
spray of fungicide - once in a month.

6. Major pests are Leaf miners, Caterpillars (Spodoptera & Heliathis),
Thrips, bit of mites...

7. Minimum 2 years we can maintain the crop; if we care, we can pull
the life of the crop upto four years.

8. Maintaining bed moisture is a critical factor; should not be wet;
should not be more dry also.

9. 30 to 50% black shade nets can be used to regulate light and temp.;
responds very well with net regulation.

10. Good quality criteria for Gerbera flowers are dia of 8 to 10 cm
and length of 60 cm+.

11. Inland transport is fine; bit long distance transport is a
challenge (we have to give more care; may increase the transport cost
by using the special type of boxes).

12. Gerbera flowers suits best with arrangements and bouquets with
awesome colours availability.

13. Market price will be fluctuating always; we have to play with
volume of production.

==Cannations ==
[[File:DSC02117.JPG|400px|right]]
During 1996, when I was in Manjushree, we were having three Rose varieties
- Tineke (Tea Hybrid), Baronesse & Wendylight (thornless variety). Soon
Baronesse & Wendylight has become outdated in the export market. Then we
had gone for new varieties that time - Naranga, Milwa, Skyline and Movie
Star.

Also we thought better to diversify into other flower crops other than
Roses; then we had gone for Carnations.

What a flower crop!; one of my close to heart crop; love this crop much. I
was associated with Carnations for more than 11 years. Carnations, Lillies,
Chrysanthemums, Gerberas -  I am proud to be friends with them and
continuing in my career.

Carnations - few basic briefs....

1. Beds - height 1 to 1.5 ft; width 75 cm; 4 rows planting/bed; plant
spacing 15 x 15 cm.

2. Better not to go for high density planting since as Gerbera,
Carnations also susceptible to soil fungus.

3. Before planting, beds are should be ready with support structure;
stems we can get length of 60 to 90 cm; should be supported with 4 to
5 layers of supporting; each and every stem should be supported. Ready
made square netted supports are available in the market.

4. Better price in the market than Gerbera and will not be highly fluctuating.

5. Life of the crop minimum 2 years (cultural practices are very
important to maintain life of the crop); we can pull even third year
also.

6. Average yield - 190 to 220 flowers/sqm/year (approx. 10 flowers/plant/year).

7. Major breeders - B & B, Selecta, Kooij...

8. Major pests & diseases - Mites, Thrips, Caterpillars, Pythium,
Phytopthora, Verticillium...

9. After planting, very good care should be taken for first month
since the initial mortality rate will be high; systemic fungicide
drenching should be regular with 15 days interval.

10. Calcium deficiency can cause stems brittle and tend to break
easily; also boron is essential for good shape of flower head; these
both elements can be sprayed foliar also in support.

'''Some Additional Points'''
1. When we are planting Carnation plants (mostly will be tubes/jiffies with cocopeat), care should be taken - 
we should not bury the roots completely in soil; only 3/4th of the tube or coco ball should go into soil; 
soil should not cover the top portion of (collor); for intacting the plants, we have to just press from the sides
gently. Very tight planting like Roses, may cause more mortality in Carnations.

2. Immediately after planting, 3 mnts of over head misting can be done; a good planting will be judged as -
after the initial misting atleast 10 to 15 % of the plants should lodge!; yes, this means plants have not buried
in the soil; we can correct the lodged plants after that with a gentle press from the side. 
If none of the plants lodged means, planting has been done tightly which may result in higher % of mortality.
(Generally Carnations will be having minimum of 2 to 3% initial mortality).

3. Carnation plants can be made in growing site itself with controlled tunnel structures; 
6 to 8 cm of top pinched stems can be bottom dipped with rooting powder like Keradix and planted in
seedling trays with cocopeat.

4. In commercial field, carnation plants has to be top pinched after they attain 6 to 7 pairs of leaves;
sprouts can be allowed 5 to 6 (this we have to decide based on sprout thickness and quality); the remaining 
sprouts to be removed.

5. Flower stems to be guided properly into the support squares everyday.

6. Foliar sprays with MKP, Biozyme, Borax, CaNo3 will boost the crop.

7. Flowers will be harvested at "paint brush" cut stage; will be bunched in 10's and sleeved before packing.

8. Carnations are Ethylene sensitive flowers like Lilies & Gypshophillas; care should be taken during post harvest;
we can use special post harvest solution with anti ethylene elements (like AVB/BVB from Chrysal or Florissant 100).

==Fertigation==

Fertigation in Floriculture is a very very interesting subject.

1. Roses need slightly acidic soil - pH 6 to 6.5; Carnations - bit
more acidic soil - pH 5.8 to 6.3.

2. The best Irrigation source water should be with EC of less than
0.5; then only we can prepare a good regime of fertilisers; if the
original water EC is 0.5, we can add fertilisers of EC 1 to 1.5; then
the feeding solution EC will be with 1.5 to 2.0. If the original water
has more than 1.0 EC, fertigation will be a bit tough exercise.

3. During growing period,bed soil EC should not be more than 1.8 or 2;
optimum is 0.9 to 1.2.
pH should be below 6.5.

4. If the Irrigation water pH is more than 7.0, the excess
bicarbonates (HCO3) in water can be neutralized with acids.

Majorly three acids can be used - Nitric, Sulphuric and Phosphoric;
can be used either separate or mixed. Amount of Bicarbonates present
in the water must be known from analysis. It should be less than 90
PPM; if it is more it should be neutralized with acid.

Since Nitric acid (HNO3) has one 'H', it may require more qty than
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4 - having 2 'H') and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4 -
having 3 'H').

For eg. if we want to use HNO3 to neutralize HCO3, the calcultion for
qty of Nitric acid required goes as below....

1 m.mole of HNO3 ===> 1 m.mole of H+
1 m.mole of H+ =====> 1 m.mole of Hco3-
1 m.mole of HNO3 ===> 1 m.mole of Hco3-
m.mole * Mol wt  = PPM
1 m.mole of HNO3 ===> 63 Mol.WT (63 ppm)
63 m.grams HNO3 ====> 1 m.mole of Hco3-
If conc of Nitric acid is 60%
105  m.grams HNO3 ====> 1 m.mole of Hco3-
To neutralize 1 m.mole of Bicarbonate we require 105 mg of Nitric acid (60%).

==Rose fertiliser==
Given below the basic feeding ppm for Rose cut flower growing; its just as a guideline; Feeding, highly depends/varies on the growing area, altitude, soil type, pH & EC, water pH & EC, type of Rose (Standard/Spray) etc. Usually daily feeding is recommended; 6 days/week; it also depends on day today climate/weather.

Given qty - all in ppm

N (pure N; not No3) - 150 to 190
P (not P2O5) - 30 to 40
K (not K2O) - around 200
Mg - 30
Ca - 100
Fe - 0.6
Boron - 0.3
Mn & Zn - 0.4
Cu & Mo - 0.1 ppm

==ABC Tanks system for feeding==
1. In Green house (we can call as polyhouse also) cut flower growing,
99% fields will be fed with driplines. Either Katif or inline. For me,
inline drippers are better; Katif buttons may require more
maintenance.

2. Generally, to avoid precipitation issues (as Maha mentioning about
P fertilisers), A & B tanks is being followed. A tank is called "Ca &
Iron tank" - CaNo3 & Iron will be mixed in A tank. B tank is called
"Micros , Mg & P" tank - Phosphorous fertilisers, Mg fertilisers &
Micros (either direct Sulphate forms or chelated forms) will be mixed
in B tank.

C tank is optional; is called acid tank; acids will be mixed in this.

When feeding, from all the three tanks conc. solution will be
proportionately mixed with Irrigation water (We usually inject and mix
fertilisers in large Silo tanks based on required regime, pH & EC;
from Silo tanks we pump to Greenhouses).

3. Amide form of Nitrogen is not used (95%) in Greenhouses. Acidic
fields - Ammonium form of fertilisers to be avoided; there is a ratio
requirement how much of "NH4" N & "No3" N is required for flower
crops.

4. With solenoid valves in the field, entire feeding will be
controlled by and handled by a computer in the office/room; we can
check ongoing feeding in fields from the office.

Now a days, lot of automated fertikit systems are available in the
market like Gelcon, Netafim, Bosman, Hoogendoorn etc...; even feeding
computer can be connected with sensors in the field which sense the
temp, humidity, moisture level of beds; based on the climate, feeding
will start/stop automatically. Any malfunction/error will be known by
alarm.

5. Na (Sodium) level in water is important; it should be less than 60
PPM; if it is high we have to think of purifying the water apart from
reducing Na with acids & Gypsum.

We have our Borewell water Na is 120 to 130 ppm; though we can manage
the feeding with acids, after some qty we can't use more acids; we are
planning to put an RO system (Riverse Osmosis) to get clean water
(Most of the growers are already having in this area).

Israel is famous for RO units; Permionic from Gujarat also makes RO
units. Depends on the output water volume needed the RO unit cost
varies; for 60 cubic meter unit it may cost around USD 200000 (again
it depends on what type of membranes we use in RO); various types of
membranes available in market. Iron level in water is important to
decide the type of RO unit since it affects the membranes (it should
be less than 0.1 ppm).

==Rose Breeders ==
I don't know much about Rose breeding; we have rented 0.5 ha Greenhouse area for a breeder (Kordes) for doing their field trials.

1. The initial numbered varieties' trial will be taken in small scale; may be 12 to 20 plants/variety; small scale trials will be done mostly in coco media; soil is not preferred for this. (we have to take quick observations/decisions on this trials).

2. Promising vars from small scale will be shifted to medium scale with 100 to 200 plants for more observation.

3. Good performers from medium scale will be taken to large scale with around 2000 plants (soil media); varieties will be named mostly in the phase of medium or large scale.

4. Better to clean up the variety/test properly before its release; we have a variety 'Magic Avalanche+' from breeder 'Lex+'; its basic colour is peach; but we use to get 5 to 10% of white flowers (that too they will not open fully); we called the breeder and shown; they told its because of mutation happened in wrong/negative/unwanted side! (Raj can explain this!!!).

5. We are having a variety called 'Revival' (pink) in our commercial production (breeder 'Rosen Tantau') which is having very good market; somehow in the past there was some misunderstanding happened between our Directors and Rosen Tantau; we decided not to plant any vars of Tantau in future. We have a trial var 'Pink Floyd' in our trial house which looks almost similar to Revival; PF belongs to Delbard breeder.

Our Directors decided to go for commercial planting of PF; but since it looks like Revival (stems, leaves, thorns etc), they don't want any claim/confusion from Tantau.

We sent samples of both the varieties to Holland for DNA test; after a week the result came; both are SAME!!!

IT HAPPENS!!! 
==Lilies ==
Being with Lilies for seven years; beautiful high value crop.

1.	Bulbs has to be imported as containers (20 ft/40 ft); has to be
ordered atleast 6 months to one year advance with Breeders/Suppliers.

2.	Imported bulbs has to be kept/stored in minus degrees (always
frozen) till we plant them in cocopeat; from the supplier country till
the destination off-loading, containers will be kept at frozen
temperature; all through the transport temperature will be monitored
inside with sensor with graph; after receiving, we can check the
graph; if any issues of raised temperature, we can claim the losses.

3.	Bulbs are costly; Oriental hybrid varieties may cost Euro 250 to
270/1000 bulbs (before three years). Selling price of Orientals are
0.9 USD; Asiatics 0.45 to 0.55 USD.

4.	Some Breeders/Suppliers are – Van Zanten, Zabo, Van den Bas, P. Aker,  etc.

5.	Various hybrid types are available:

a.	Orientals
b.	Asiatics
c.	Longiflorums
d.	LA (Longiflorum x Asiatic)
e.	LO (Longiflorum x Oriental)
f.	OT (Oriental x Trumpet)

6.	Best to grow in cocopeat media; cocopeat EC should be less than
0.5; excess EC of cocopeat can be leached with CaNo3.

7.	Though the initial capital is high, we can get the returns within
short period (3 to 4 months); also year round fund flow requirement is
high.

8.	Approx. crop cycle from planting to harvest: Orientals – 90 days;
Asiatics – 65 to 70 days.

==Chrysanthemums ==
Very very interesting flower crop. Fun & exciting to grow Mums. It has
been six years since associated with Mums. I remember when we were
planting Mums first time in Champali, I was  very excited; when it was
reaching 80 days, every day was a suspense day; waiting for the flower
buds (If Black Out is done done properly vegetative growth will extend
without giving flowers!)

1.	Some breeders/suppliers are – Deliflor, Royal Vanzanten, Fides,
Preesman, Danziger etc…

2.	Three fields are maintained in Mums basically:

A: Mother Plants Area (MPA):

a.	Initial mother plants cuttings can be imported from breeders; then
from  MPA we can take continiuous cuttings.
b.	6 cm cuttings will be taken from mother plants (after 3 weeks of
planting or when mother cuttings reach 20 to 22 cm height) ; cutting
blades should be disinfected with chlorine (0.5 g/l).
c.	Cuttings should be stored in cold room (2 to 5 deg. C) for 7 to 10
days before taken to nursery.
d.	MPA needs lights all through the night; lights will be put on from
5 pm to morning 7 am.

 B. Nursery:
	a. Seedling trays will be dipped in systemic fungicide before filling cocopeat.
	b. Cuttings will be base dipped in IBA solution (1000 ppm) before
planted in cocopeat.
	c. Milky Plastic will be covered on trays as tunnel.
	d. Plants will be ready by 2/3 weeks.

C. Main Field:
	a. Upto 30 to 35 cm of plant growth requires 14 hrs lighting during
night (5 pm to 7 am).
	b. Then we have to put Black polythene and cover the whole crop for
14 to 16 hrs. (5 pm to 7 am 	or 9 am).
c. Growth retardants like B9 or Alar has to be sprayed 2 to 4 times to
keep vegetative growth in control.
d. 80 days – flowers should be ready for harvest (depends on variety).

==Mums Lights Management == 

1.	Overhead lighting system is must for all Mums fields.

2.	Lights with Reflectors can be fixed 3 to 3.5 mtrs height from the
bed level with spacing of 2.5 mtr x 2.5 mtr or 3 mtr x 2.5 mtr (based
on Watts).

3.	 60 W to 100 W Energy Saver bulbs can be used.

4.	Lights will be put on from 5 pm to 7 am or 6 pm to 7 am (depends on
sunrise and sunset).

5.	Lights need not be continuously on throughout night; a Timer can be
fixed to facilitate auto on/off – either we can set 15 mnts on/15 mnts
off or 20 mnts off/10 mnts on continuously (off time period should not
exceed more than 20 mnts).

6.	This night lighting will be only for initial vegetative growth –
upto plants reach 30 to 35 cm.

7.	After plants reach 30 to 35 cm height, it requires complete (100%)
darkness for 13 to 14 hrs per day; this will be done by covering the
entire crop with black polythene (all the four sides) from 5 pm to 7
am or 6 pm to 8 am. (Better not to have even a single stream of light
inside after covering; no holes in black plastics). This operation
will continue upto 80% harvest of the total crop.

8.	Apart from light management, vegetative growth should be controlled
with foliar sprays of growth retardants like Alar/B9 (2 to 5 sprays
with weekly interval; no. of sprays depends on altitude of the area
where we are growing).
==Gerbera Fertigation ==

(Note: this fertilizer program gives an indication of what you could
use, the fertilizer solution could change because of the type of water
and how the plants are growing.)

Tank: A = 1000 Litre      			

Calcium Nitrate	CaNo3	(26%CaO + 15.5 N) = 75	Kg
Ammonium Nitrate	NH4NO3	(9%NO3 + 9% NH4) = 0-3 *	Kg
Iron Chelate	Fe	Edta  13% or Eddha **  6  %	= 2 to 4	Kg

Tank: B = 1000 litre	
		
Mono Potassium Phosphate	(H2PO4	52% p2O5 + 34% K2O) = 17	Kg
Potassium Nitrate	(KNO3	13% N + 46% K2O) = 35 Kg
Potassium Sulphate	(K2SO4	52% K2O + 16% MgO) = 2.5	Kg
Epson Salt (Magnan Sulphate)	(MgSO4	49%MgSO4 = 16% Mg0) = 25 Kg
Nitric Acid	(HNO3	38%) = 0-10 ***Litre

Trace elements:

Manganese Sulphate	(Mn	32%) = 70 Gram
Borax		(11% B) = 250	Gram
Zinc Sulphate	(23% Zn) =125 Gram
Copper Sulphate	(25% Cu) = 25	Gram
Sodium Molybdate	(40% Mo) = 25	Gram

*      This depends of the PH of your drainwater, if drainwater PH below 5.5 no
       Ammonium Nitrate in the solution.
**    When the PH from the drainwater is above the 6.5, you have to use EDDHA
       iron.
***  This depends on the PH of the type of water you use e.g., rain,
dam, bore water.

Optimum EC & PH;

Water gift to the plants	E.C. 1.6 - 1.8	PH 5.5 – 5.7
Drain water if collect	E.C 1.8 – 2.0	PH 5.2 – 5.8

== Tinting of Flowers==
1.	Though lot of variant colours/shades are naturally available,
“Flower Tinting” is a successful trade and value addition technique in
industry.

2.	Usually growers will not get into this; some of the major traders
in different countries do this; they will be having specialized wing
for this.

3.	Tinting can be done in all types of flowers; but specific tintable
colours and varieties are available in each type of flowers.

4.	Dyes are available in almost all the colours in market for “Flower
Tinting” (available colours catalogue is as big as Asian paints’!).

5.	We don’t do tinting in our farm commercially; but for some official
gatherings, Directors’ home functions – we do in a small qty with Rose
flowers. We usually tint for bright blue colour (we use cream/white
varieties); or we tint 2/3 different colour in a single flower.

6.	Flowers will be kept in dye solution with stem bottom 3 cm dipped
overnight – room temperature can be 12 to 18 deg. C.

7.	As eg. an Australian flower trade company – WAFEX – do large scale
tinting based on customers’ orders and colour preference; they do
tinting not only in Roses, but also in all seasonal available
Australian native blooms.

== Biocontrol of Pests==
In Kenya 20 to 25% Flower growers adopt IPM (partial use of Biocontrol methods) for pest control. Firms like Koppert, Real IPM & Dudutech produces and sells bioproducts, predatory mites, wasps & beetles. Even they take yearly contracts (like AMC) with growers for pest control in Greenhouses (per ha basis).

1. Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) is highly useful in control of Spodoptera & Heliothis caterpillars. Also able to insert among chemical spray schedules (only we have to make sure give some gape before and after NPV sprays for chemical insecticide spray).

2. Blue & Yellow sticky traps.

3. Pheromone traps.

4. For Mites control, below can be used.

Macrolophus pygmaeus or M. caliginosus (Predatory mite)
Stratiolaelaps scimitus or Hypoaspis miles (Predatory mite)
Gaeolaelaps aculeifer or Hypoaspis aculeifer (Predatory mite)
Amblyseius swirskii (Predatory mite)
Amblyseius californicus (Predatory mite)
Phytoseiulus persimilis (Predatory mite)
Amblyseius andersoni (Predatory mite)
Amblyseius persimilis (Predatory mite)
Amblyseius cucumeris or Neoseiulus cucumeris (Predatory mite)
Feltiella acarisuga (Gall midge)


5 Potassium salts of fatty acids can be used for control of soft bodied insects like Thrips, Whiteflies, Aphids etc.

6 Metarhizium anisopliae (Fungi) & Beauveria basiana (Fungi) can be used for control of Thrips, Aphids & Mealy bug.

7 For soft rots control, we can use Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF).

8 For Caterpillars, cutworms & leafminers control we can use Heterorhabditis (Nematodes).

9 Paecilomyces lilacinus (Fungi) can be used for nematode control.

1. For control of Thrips, we can use the below...

Steinernema feltiae (Entomopathogenic nematode)
Amblyseius cucumeris or Neoseiulus cucumeris (Predatory mite)
Amblydromalus limonicus or Typhlodromalus limonicus (Predatory mite)
Orius strigicollis (Predatory bug)
Orius insidiosus (Predatory bug)
Orius laevigatus (Predatory bug)
Macrocheles robustulus (Predatory mite)

2. For Aphids...

Adalia bipunctata (Predatory beetle)
Aphidius matricariae (Predatory wasp)
Chrysoperla carnea (Lacewing)
Aphelinus abdominalis (Parasitic wasp)
Aphidius colemani (Predatory wasp)
Aphidius ervi (Parasitic wasp)
Episyrpus balteatus (Hoverflies)
Aphidoleter aphidimyza (Gall midge)

3. For White flies...

Verticillium lecanii (Fungi)
Lecanicillium lecanii (Fungi)
Encarsia formosa (Parasitic wasp)
Eretmocerus eremicus (Parasitic wasp)
Amblydromalus limonicus or Typhlodromalus limonicus (Predatory mite)
Macrolophus pygmaeus or M. caliginosus (Predatory bug)
Delphastus catalinae (Predatory beetle)
Nesidiocoris tenuis (Predatory mite)

4. For Mealy bugs...

Anagyrus pseudococci (Parasitic wasp) - specially for Citrus & Vine mealy bugs
Cryptolaemus montronzieri (Predatory beetle)

5. For soil pathogens...
(we can mix with FYM and apply on beds or during bed preparation; we
can do drenching also)

Trichoderma harzianum (Fungi)
Trichoderma asperellum (Fungi)
Trichoderma viride (Fungi)
Pseudomonas florescens (Bacteria)
Pseudomonas protegens (Bacteria)
Pseudomonas chlororaphis (Bacteria)
Bacillus subtilis (Bacteria)

6. For Leaf miners...

Diglyphus isaea (Parasitic wasp)
Dacnusa sibirica (Parasitic wasp)

7. For Powdery mildew...

Potassium Iodide + Potassium Thiocyanate
Lacto-peroxidase enzymes